News Category: Outbreak countries
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation has celebrated the efforts of its Member States to eradicate polio and is working to ensure that eradication remains at the top of national health agendas. In a resolution passed at the sixth session of the Islamic Conference of Health Ministers, held in Jeddah in early December, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation recognized the importance of ensuring that all children are consistently reached and vaccinated with the polio vaccine. It also highlighted the critical roles of Government leaders and the Islamic Advisory Group in the effort to put an end to the crippling disease.
The Jeddah Declaration
In the Jeddah Declaration, signed by representatives from all Member States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation reiterated health as one of the basic rights of every human being and reaffirmed their belief that “… the right to health must be at the core of the global agenda.” They reiterated their support to polio eradication and to the full implementation of the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan, and recognised the efforts of their Member States to stop transmission. In particular, members were called upon to support the work of the remaining polio endemic countries – Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan – and for the Islamic Advisory Group to continue their work to support the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The resolution issued at the end of the conference also called upon Member States and other donor entities to provide the necessary financial support that would allow the Islamic Advisory Group to continue its work.
High level support in action in Somalia
Just days after the commitment of member states was reemphasised, the Minister of Health of Somalia Dr Fawziya Abikar Nor showed her commitment to eradication by attending a polio vaccination campaign, alongside Dr Ghulam Popal, WHO Representative for Somalia. High level government commitment has been one of the most important components of eradication in some of the most challenging countries around the world.
The Islamic Advisory Group for Polio Eradication has launched a new training manual for students of religious studies in support of polio eradication efforts. The manual provides practical guidance on how to engage with local communities to advocate for vaccination as well as other maternal and child health issues.
The launch of the training manual follows Islamic Advisory Group’s efforts to prepare students of religious studies at key universities in predominantly Muslim countries to act as advocates for critical health initiatives particularly in high-risk areas where marginalized and underserved populations reside. As future religious leaders and scholars the students will be well placed within their local communities to promote healthy behaviour and dispel rumours and misinformation that hamper the work of vaccination teams and deprive their community members of protection against polio and other vaccine preventable diseases.
Amidst conflict and humanitarian crisis in Syria, health workers are battling to end the current polio outbreak. Since the World Health Organization announced the outbreak on 8 June 2017, 70 cases have been confirmed, with 67 in Deir Ez-Zor governorate, two in Raqqa and one in Homs.
Vaccinating children
WHO and UNICEF are supporting the Government of Syria and local authorities to end the outbreak. Two mass vaccination campaigns have taken place, thanks to dedicated health care workers on the ground, striving to reach resident, refugee and internally displaced children. Despite the challenges of holding vaccination campaigns in a conflict zone and effectively reaching displaced populations from infected areas, more than 255,000 have been vaccinated in Deir Ez-Zor, and more than 140,000 in Raqqa.
Contingency plans for an additional vaccination campaign are being put in place to reach children under the age of five with monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 in the infected zones and areas hosting high risk populations, particularly recently displaced families from Deir Ez-Zor.
Two different vaccines are being used to ensure that population immunity against polio is rapidly increased. The monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 is being used to rapidly increase immunity against type 2 polio. To boost immunity against type 2 and also provide protection against types 1 and 3, the inactivated poliovirus vaccine is also being provided to children aged between 2 and 23 months in high risk areas.
Preventing spread of polio
While all hands are on deck to stop polio, outbreak response teams are also working hard and adapting complementary strategies such as vaccination at transit points and registration centres for internally displaced persons from infected zones, to prevent spread of the virus to other parts of the country. The inactivated poliovirus vaccine is being used strategically in high risk areas, especially where there are high numbers of internally displaced families.
In order to reduce the threat of polio spreading to the countries surrounding Syria, vaccination activities have been carried out in Iraq, Lebanon and Turkey. These activities are aiming to reach both Syrian children and those from local communities to limit the possibility for the virus to spread across international borders.
Searching for the virus
Knowing where the virus is at all times is crucial to stop the outbreak. Surveillance is ongoing across the country, with doctors, community members and vaccinators on the alert for any child with potential symptoms of polio. The surveillance system is operating well, despite the challenges of transporting stool samples from children with symptoms to laboratories for testing.
Plans are also in place to begin environmental surveillance in Syria by the end of the year. This will enable laboratories to identify the presence of polio in sewerage to provide early warning.
The information from disease surveillance being used to inform where and when vaccination campaigns need to take place.
Vaccine derived polio
The current outbreak in Syria is caused by circulating vaccine derived poliovirus type 2, a very rare virus that can occur when population immunity against polio is very low. In Syria, conflict and insecurity have compromised community access to immunization services, which has allowed the weakened virus in the oral polio vaccine to spread between under-immunized individuals and, over a long period of time, mutate into a virulent form that can cause paralysis. The only way to stop transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus is with an immunization response, the same as with any outbreak of wild polio. With high levels of population immunity, the virus will no longer be able to survive and the outbreak will come to a close.
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Malik is one of the hardworking vaccinators making sure that even children on the move are protected against polio.
The poliovirus knows no borders, making children on both sides of the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan vulnerable to contracting the debilitating disease. This is why, placed strategically along the border, 19 WHO-supported vaccination posts reach children on the move as they cross between countries, ensuring that all children under the age of 10 receive two drops of the oral polio vaccine to protect them from polio.
One of these teams is led by Malik, who has worked for the polio eradication programme for 14 years.
“I wanted to join the eradication programme when I heard that polio is a contagious disease that affects children. I wanted to serve children and our community. I learned about polio on the TV and radio and the health workers who came to our home to share information about the virus.”
Protecting children on the move
Malik started working as a vaccinator and has now worked as a team supervisor for the past 10 years.
“I am proud when we can reach every child and when I see my team vaccinating children, making sure that no child is missed. This makes me very happy,” he says.
Cross-border vaccination teams are crucial in the fight against polio. The Torkham border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, in eastern Nangarhar province, is one of the busiest border crossings in Afghanistan. Currently 38 WHO-supported vaccinators work in three shifts, operating 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
“Today I started my work at 5.30 am. When we arrive at work in the morning, I gather the team together and we go through any issues that arose in the previous shift. We revise the schedule of the day and I assign teams to their specific locations. We have three locations at this border where we vaccinate all children coming to Afghanistan and those who are leaving.”
Checking for signs of polio
Since January 2017, WHO and partners have vaccinated over 44 000 Afghan children under the age of 10 crossing the border to Afghanistan from Iran and Pakistan. Over 25 000 of these have been vaccinated at the Torkham border’s so called “zero point” – the first point where Afghan refugees and returnees returning from Pakistan arrive.
“We focus a lot of finding cases of acute flaccid paralysis, sudden onset of floppiness in the limbs that is a sign of polio. We check children in all the vehicles that arrive at the border and work hard not to miss any potential polio cases,” Malik says. “When the trucks park here, we talk to the parents and ask about any possible cases of paralysis in the family. We also educate them about the importance of vaccines and tell them about the routine immunization services that are available free-of-charge in Afghanistan’s health facilities.”
Building trust
Most caregivers crossing the border to Afghanistan accept the polio vaccine but challenges remain.
“Sometimes we see parents who refuse to vaccinate children. We try our best to convince them to vaccinate by telling them more about the benefits of the polio vaccine and how polio cannot be cured. Those who refuse to vaccinate their children often don’t understand what the vaccine is or how it is essential for protecting their children,” Malik says.
Despite difficulties and his demanding work in a challenging environment where the security situation can shift quickly, Malik and his team are determined to continue the fight against polio.
“Afghanistan is still polio-endemic and the virus is deadly,” he says as he leads his team to approach another truck that crossed the border into Afghanistan. “I want to deliver these crucial services, serve my community and protect vulnerable children.
Read the original interview here.
For World Polio Day on 24 October, the world celebrated the unsung heroes of the eradication effort. How important have volunteers been in eradicating polio so far?
Volunteers have been and continue to be the backbone of the eradication effort. Local Rotarians are raising critically-needed funds, and members of the community conduct the actual administration of the vaccines on the ground and report cases of paralysis. Without this vast network of volunteers – approximately 20 million strong worldwide – polio cannot be eradicated. They are the true unsung heroes of this effort.
What are the main hurdles to eradicating polio? Are there difficulties getting vaccines to remote communities and areas in conflict?
Those are precisely the main hurdles: reaching children who remain unreached by health systems, because of difficult terrain, conflict, security compromised access, urban sprawl, or large-scale population movements. These are all reasons some children are not vaccinated. The poliovirus is very effective at finding vulnerable children, so we have to be better than the poliovirus at finding that last unvaccinated child. And that is what we are doing with local authorities and partners. Identifying – area by area – the real reasons why children in that area are missed, and then putting in place operational action plans, at the community level, to overcome those reasons. We’re making strong progress: never before has polio been as geographically restricted as it is today. But we are not there yet, and we need to pursue our efforts.
How do you address the challenges of reliable data and identify areas with the lowest immunization coverage?
This is a key issue, particularly at this late stage of the effort, where we really have to focus on reaching the last one or two percent of children who we have so far missed. It is not good enough to achieve 95% coverage nationally, if sub-nationally we are still missing 5%-10% of children somewhere. So we need to be extremely rigorous in the monitoring of our activities, in particular when we assess population immunity levels. We have introduced a number of innovative approaches to address this challenge, such as Lot Quality Assessment sampling, to identify areas which fail to achieve campaign coverage targets; third party monitoring, to get an external view on data quality; and seroprevalence surveys, which show actual immunity levels of children in key areas or high-risk population groups. These tools provide the clearest and most reliable picture of immunity levels.
How can other disease programmes benefit from polio eradication?
Polio eradication has always been about more than polio. Rotary International calls this effort ‘PolioPlus’, with the ‘plus’ standing for more than polio. Polio-funded staff on the ground have been busy helping address other public health emergencies, from the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the recent drought in the Horn of Africa, to the devastating earthquake in Nepal a few years ago.
Polio-funded staff have also supported Gavi’s immunization efforts, including assisting countries in their implementation of Gavi-funded vaccine and health system strengthening activities. As a concrete example, the proportion of children who have been fully immunized against all vaccine-preventable diseases in some of the most marginalised areas of India increased from less than 20% ten years ago, to more than 80% today.
These broader benefits of the polio eradication effort, however, require that countries and the international
community make sure that the momentum is maintained when polio is eradicated. Indeed, unless this is well planned, the loss of funding coming through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative could negatively impact immunization programmes and other health interventions which have benefited from the large network of staff deployed to eradicate polio. Discussions with partners and countries are underway to map out this process for the post-polio world.
Polio eradication has indeed shown that all children – no matter where they live – can be reached with health interventions. The premise of this programme has been that every child has a right to be protected from lifelong polio paralysis, whether they live in Switzerland, or whether they live in conflict-affected areas of Somalia or areas with limited healthcare infrastructure of Afghanistan. And the lessons and experiences can be – and are being – applied to other disease control programmes.
Rising up into the sky, a tower block’s outline trembles in the heat haze, even in the early morning. It’s hard to count the number of floors from the ground as the concrete block stretches up so high. Inside the door, you look around for an elevator – but there is none. Taking a deep breath and hoisting the vaccine carrier higher onto your shoulder, you begin the long climb up the stairs through the heat. At the top, many pauses for breath later, you knock on the first door. As a mother holding her baby opens it, your work for the day really begins – but there is a long way to go. To vaccinate every child in the city against polio, you and your fellow vaccinators must knock on every door in this building; on this street; in this neighbourhood; and across the entire city. It is a monumental task – and one you take on several times a year.
Cities: Uniquely challenging environments
Often it is the ability of polio vaccinators to reach the most remote and inaccessible villages, hampered by challenging weather or conflict, that is the biggest challenge to eradication. But big cities, while more easily accessible, can pose an equal challenge.
Dr Mohammed Sibak Abouzeid, has been working to stop polio in Egypt since 1999, planning and organising polio eradication campaigns and evaluating whether enough children were reached in each campaign so that the next one can be better. Over 40% of Egypt’s population lives in urban environments.
“While my colleagues in the countryside are battling challenging terrain, weather and long journeys, we have a different set of barriers: slums, high rise buildings, marginalised communities and big populations that can change overnight,” says Dr Mohammed. “But our goal is the same: to reach every single child, no matter where they live.”
One critical tactical shift to ensure all floors of a tower block were covered was to ensure vaccinators first walked to the top floor, and then knocked on every door coming down, rather than the other way around, which meant the very top floors were missed.
A playground for polio
Cities provide an easy environment in which for polio to spread. The poliovirus spreads between humans through faeces, so wherever sanitation systems or hygiene practices are poor, or many people live in close quarters, the virus is able to spread rapidly.
The city of Karachi is one of the remaining strongholds of the virus. People move in and out of Pakistan’s biggest city constantly: these ever changing populations make it difficult to know how many children need to be vaccinated and where they live. Many children are born every day, giving the virus many opportunities to hide in the unvaccinated guts of infants who have not received at least three doses of polio vaccine. Given the informal nature of many of the slums within this city, the lack of infrastructure such as health care centres can make it especially difficult to get vaccines to every child.
Slums have another consequence for polio eradication; with high levels of poverty, malnutrition and diarrhoea are regular threats. Malnutrition can damage the immune systems of children, meaning that even if they receive the vaccine, it might not be able to kick start the process of generating protection against the virus. Diarrhoea can lead to the vaccine leaving the body too quickly for it to begin creating antibodies; but it also can act as a vehicle to cause the poliovirus to spread further and faster.
Stopping polio in cities
Stopping polio even in these challenging environments takes ingenuity and creativity. Luckily, people like Dr Mohammed have the experience necessary to make a difference.
“To stop polio in urban environments, you need to train all vaccinators incredibly well, and give them the motivation they need to work in difficult environments. But the most important thing is to come to understand the networks that city inhabitants are a part of so that you can engage them, involve them in vaccination campaigns and find the right influencers from local communities to encourage parents to vaccinate their children.”
In cities like Cairo in Egypt and Mumbai in India, once thought to be the hardest places in the world to stop polio, such tactics were instrumental in stopping poliovirus. Indeed, they continue to be used even now in order to ensure high vaccination coverage and keep their populations protected. It may be a matter of getting the right neighbourhood religious leader to announce vaccination campaigns during a sermon, or the right midwife to tell new mothers about vaccination, but one thing is for sure: success against polio is ensured one person at a time, even in a city of millions.
Read more in the Reaching the Hard to Reach series
Anytime a child is paralyzed by polio in any country, the World Health Organization and its partners move fast to stop the outbreak.
Video is also available with subtitles in other languages: Français | عربي| Português | Español | Japanese | Korean | Urdu | Dari&Pashto
Watch more in the polio eradication animation series
Three mass immunization rounds have been carried out in Deir Ez-Zor and Raqqa governorates, Syria, in response to an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type-2 (cVDPV2). The latest round, targeting resident, refugee and internally displaced children less than five years in Deir Ez-Zor concluded 28 August.
“The detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus indicates that there has been low population immunity in affected areas for a considerable period of time,” said Chris Maher, manager of WHO’s regional polio eradication programme based in Amman, Jordan. “WHO is working with all parties on the ground to ensure access to and vaccination of all children under five in these areas, to put an end to this outbreak as quickly as possible,” he said.
As of the end of August, 39 cases of cVDPV2 have been confirmed in Syria ‒ 37 cases from Deir Ez-Zor governorate, and 1 case each from Raqqa and Homs governorates. All three governorates are affected by active conflict.
“Conflict and inaccessibility continue to hamper efforts to raise population immunity levels in areas across the country. These same factors that paved the way for the outbreak of wild poliovirus in Syria in 2013,” said Maher. “We are using the same approaches to achieving access that were successfully used in responding to the 2013 outbreak, and working together with all partners to make sure that children can be reached with vaccine,” he added.
In addition to ensuring access for vaccination teams, innovative methods have been used to increase response reach and effectiveness. The advertising of campaigns through bakeries, and engagement of a local ice cream factory to assist with the daily freezing and refreezing of ice packs for vaccinator cold boxes, are examples.
“Vaccinators on the ground in Deir Ez-Zor and Raqqa continue to face difficult circumstances, but their efforts show clear dedication to protect children against this preventable disease,” said Maher. “We must maintain this high level of commitment and drive,” he said.
Deir Ez-Zor has carried out two mass immunization rounds in July and August while Raqqa has carried out one. The second round for Raqqa is planned for after the Eid holiday.
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is being given to targeted children in each of the second rounds along with the oral vaccine to maximize individual and community protection.
“These local polio vaccination campaigns represent a significant step that has culminated in the close cooperation between WHO, UNICEF and local health partners to reach all targeted children under five in Ar-Raqqa and Deir Ez-Zor governorates,” said Elizabeth Hoff, WHO Representative in Syria.
“Despite security challenges, WHO is committed to ensure the distribution of polio vaccines and the implementation of the local campaigns as planned with a view to achieving sound wellbeing and growth for children with a special attention given to the affected governorates,” Hoff added.
In addition to supporting the response, WHO and partners are also working with neighboring countries to enhance immunization and disease surveillance activities in high-risk areas.
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus can occur in rare instances when population immunity against polio is very low. In these settings, the weakened virus found in the oral polio vaccine can spread between under-immunized individuals and over time, mutate into a virulent form that can cause paralysis. The only way to stop transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus is with an immunization response, the same as with any outbreak of wild polio. With high levels of population immunity, the virus will no longer be able to survive and the outbreak will come to a close.
More on Syria
Photo: WHO Syria
In July and August, vaccination campaigns were held in Deir Ez-Zor and Raqqa governorates to stop an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2).
Photo: WHO Syria
In preparation for the campaigns, polio vaccine was transported long distances to reach Deir Ez-Zor and Raqqa governorates. Careful storage and temperature controls were required to ensure vaccine quality was maintained as it travelled in high temperatures across rugged terrain.
Photo: WHO Syria
This picture shows monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) arriving in Deir Ez-Zor in good condition. Both mOPV2 and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) are being used in the response. The first vaccination round in Deir Ez-Zor, which ran from 22 to 26 July 2017, aimed to reach 328,000 children under 5. The first round of vaccinations in Raqqa ran from 12 to 17 August, and aimed to reach 120,000 children.
Photo: WHO Syria
In the lead up and during the campaigns, social mobilizers used a range of approaches to ensure high levels of community awareness of campaign activities. One such approach was the inclusion of information about the campaigns in bread packages.
Photo: WHO Syria
Social mobilizers also travelled from house to house during the campaign to talk to families about polio vaccination activities, and the importance of the polio vaccine to protect their children from the potentially paralytic disease.
Photo: WHO SYria
A child in Raqqa receiving mOPV2. The objective of the campaign is to protect every child and rapidly raise population immunity to stop the virus in its tracks.
Photo: WHO Syria
This health worker is giving mOPV2 to a child in a camp for internally displaced people in Raqqa. More than 10,000 internally displaced children were included in Raqqa campaign plans.
Photo: WHO Syria
These children from a camp in Raqqa show off their finger markings, to demonstrate that they have been vaccinated against polio during the campaign.
More information on the Syria outbreak
Late August marks the beginning of the Hajj season – the annual pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca – bringing together people from all over the world. While a holy time of pilgrimage, this also presents health risks as people are coming together from many countries where they may have been exposed to different infectious diseases.
The Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia has issued health requirements and recommendations for entry into Saudi Arabia during the Hajj season, including requirements relating to polio vaccination. Regardless of age, all travellers from certain, specified countries must show proof of vaccination against polio within the last twelve months, and at least four weeks before departure. All travellers from these countries will also receive one dose of oral polio vaccine on arrival in Saudi Arabia.
These requirements apply to travellers from the following countries:
| WHO African Region | Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Niger, Sierra Leone, South Sudan |
| WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region | Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen |
| WHO South-East Asian Region | Myanmar |
| WHO Western Pacific Region | Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
| WHO European Region | Ukraine |
In recent years, the global drive to eradicate polio has seen the virus cornered in fewer places than ever before. Yet polio’s final strongholds are some of the most complicated places in the world to deliver vaccination campaigns. Insecurity and conflict are some of the challenges to delivering vaccines, as well as populations on the move, testing terrain and weather, and weak health systems.
In 2013, polio outbreaks in Central Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East paralysed hundreds of children. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) developed strategies to deliver vaccines and stop the virus, even when access seemed impossible. All three of these outbreaks were put to an end just a year later, by not letting the complexity of the situation undermine the quality of vaccination campaigns.
The valuable lessons learned by the GPEI in tackling these outbreaks are now being used to end polio in the final polio endemic countries – Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan – as well as to stop a newly-detected circulating vaccine-derived polio outbreak in Syria.
Challenges to immunization in emergencies
Disruptions to routine immunization systems and mass displacement caused by conflict can rapidly reduce population immunity, making individuals much more vulnerable to polio outbreaks. Polio eradication relies on being able to repeatedly access over 95% of children with vaccines. Yet emergency settings can interrupt systems that gather data about a population, functioning health facilities, health care personnel, vaccine supplies, cold chains to keep vaccines safe, power supply, financial resources, population demand for vaccines, and disease surveillance. When these factors are at play, the GPEI calls on past experience and adopts new approaches to reach every last child.
Lessons learned in conflict zones
Community acceptance and trust
When there are barriers to access, the first step is to have community trust and acceptance of vaccination. Every community and context is different and calls for a targeted approach to communicate exactly why immunization campaigns need to take place. The polio eradication programme identifies and trains vaccinators from local communities, engages religious figures to support the campaign and gets local leaders on board to advocate for, plan and implement vaccination efforts. The polio programme has seen time and time again that when securing access is a challenge, the answer often lies in the very communities we are trying to reach.
| In Pakistan, a number of Religious Support Persons have been recruited based on the guidance of the Islamic Advisory Group for polio eradication, to address concerns of local communities about polio vaccinations in some challenging areas of the country. This has resulted in enhanced community acceptance of immunization, with refusal rates of less than 1.5%, as well as broader child welfare interventions. |
Opportunistic vaccination campaigns
When different forces make populations periodically inaccessible, vaccination schedules can be interrupted and leave pockets of people unprotected against polio. In these situations, health authorities try to reach children in whatever ways are possible. Transit points can be set up around insecure areas, to vaccinate children as they enter or leave; vaccinators work with local leaders to track and reach populations on the move; communities within the inaccessible areas can store and deliver vaccines themselves; and brief periods of calm can be used to bring vaccines and other essential health services into villages through a health camp.
| In Pakistan, over 350 transit points have been set up in recent years along borders and near areas with access challenges. This is one of the innovative approaches that have reduced the percentage of children missed on vaccination campaigns from 25% in 2014 to 5% in 2017. |
Negotiated access
In the most challenging situations, when all other approaches are not able to overcome the severity of vaccination challenges, the programme has negotiated access by engaging non-state actors, governments, religious figures and local leaders. Reiterating the humanitarian principle of “neutrality,” the GPEI works with all parties to a conflict to highlight the importance of vaccination campaigns, and secure agreements to access targeted communities for specific periods of time.
| In the past, negotiating access to conflict zones was comparatively simple to today. In the 1980s, days of tranquillity were first used in the Americas, through negotiation with two groups – often the government and the opposition group. In many areas where polio persists, there are many different actors and groups engaged in conflict, so negotiation is more complex. It includes identifying who is appropriate to negotiate with in any given district or area, and, importantly, finding appropriate negotiators. Often, third party partners such as the International Committee for the Red Cross are engaged to negotiate operations of vaccination campaigns in security-compromised areas, and in areas where vaccination bans have been imposed by local authorities. |
Conflict and insecurity continue to pose significant challenges to eradication. Our best chance of ending polio for good in conflict zones lies in learning from these lessons and adhering to the principles of neutrality in health.
Read more in the Reaching the Hard to Reach series
Atlanta, USA, 12 June – Public health leaders gathered at the Rotary Convention in Atlanta to unite in their commitment to securing a polio-free world. Endemic countries and donors together pledged US$ 1.2 billion to finance the polio endgame.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988, spearheaded by Rotary International. For the past three decades, Rotary has brought political commitment, funding and energy to the fight against polio. At this pledging event, Rotary committed a further US$ 150 million to the cause.
At a time when polio eradication has never been closer, new funding and political commitment is more important than ever. The poliovirus has been cornered to just three remaining countries – Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan – but this progress is fragile. While polio continues to exist anywhere in the world, children everywhere remain at risk. Each year, the GPEI reaches 450 million children to vaccinate them against the virus, in polio endemic countries and elsewhere, and maintains disease surveillance systems in more than 70 countries to find and stop every last virus.
Today, 16 million people are walking who would have been paralysed if they had not been protected against polio thanks to the extraordinary efforts of public health workers. This new injection of funding and commitment will ensure that in the future, no child will ever again suffer from the consequences of this incurable, but preventable, disease.
A circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) outbreak has been confirmed in the Deir-Ez-Zor Governorate of the Syrian Arab Republic. The virus strain was isolated from two cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), with onset of paralysis on 5 March and 6 May, as well as from a healthy child in the same community.
Outbreak response plans are being finalized, in line with internationally-agreed outbreak response protocols, including plans for targeted vaccination campaigns to rapidly raise population immunity. An initial risk analysis has been conducted, finding low overall population immunity levels in the area but solid levels of disease surveillance. Active searches are being conducted for additional cases of acute flaccid paralysis. Surveillance and immunization activities are also being strengthened in neighbouring countries.
Although access to Deir-Ez-Zor is compromised due to insecurity, the Governorate has been partially reached by several vaccination campaigns against polio and other vaccine-preventable diseases since the beginning of 2016. Most recently, two campaigns have been conducted in March and April 2017 using bivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV). However, only limited coverage was possible through these campaigns. Syria also introduced two doses of inactivated polio vaccine in the infant routine immunization schedule in 2018.
The detection of the cases demonstrates that disease surveillance systems are functional in Syria. The polio programme is working with local authorities and organisations on the ground to respond immediately, using proven strategies. In 2013-2014, Deir-Ez-Zor was the epicentre of a wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) outbreak, resulting in 36 cases at the time. This outbreak was successfully stopped; the now-detected cVDPV2 strain is unrelated to the WPV1 outbreak.
Circulating VDPVs are extremely rare forms of poliovirus, mutated from strains in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) that can emerge in under-immunised populations. OPV has been a critical tool in eliminating 99.9% of polio cases worldwide, and while cVDPV is rare, the GPEI is actively working with countries to eradicate both vaccine-derived and wild polio. The same strategies that are eliminating wild poliovirus also stop cVDPV – it remains critical that all countries maintain strong disease surveillance and ensure all children are vaccinated.
More information on Syria
More than 190 000 polio vaccinators in 13 countries across west and central Africa will immunize over 116 million children over the next week, to tackle the last remaining stronghold of polio on the continent.
The synchronized vaccination campaign, one of the largest of its kind ever implemented in Africa, is part of urgent measures to permanently stop polio on the continent. All children under five years of age in the 13 countries – Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Sierra Leone – will be simultaneously immunized in a coordinated effort to raise childhood immunity to polio across the continent. In August 2016, four children were paralysed by the disease in security-compromised areas in Borno state, north-eastern Nigeria, widely considered to be the only place on the continent where the virus maintains its grip.
“Twenty years ago, Nelson Mandela launched the pan-African ‘Kick Polio Out of Africa’ campaign,” said Dr Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa. “At that time, every single country on the continent was endemic to polio, and every year, more than 75 000 children were paralysed for life by this terrible disease. Thanks to the dedication of governments, communities, parents and health workers, this disease is now beaten back to this final reservoir.”
Dr Moeti cautioned, however, that progress was fragile, given the epidemic-prone nature of the virus. Although confined to a comparatively small region of the continent, experts warned that the virus could easily spread to under-protected areas of neighbouring countries. That is why regional public health ministers from five Lake Chad Basin countries – Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Niger and Nigeria – declared the outbreak a regional public health emergency and have committed to multiple synchronized immunization campaigns.
UNICEF Regional Director for West and Central Africa, Ms Marie-Pierre Poirier, stated that with the strong commitment of Africa’s leaders, there was confidence that this last remaining polio reservoir could be wiped out, hereby protecting all future generations of African children from the crippling effects of this disease once and for all. “Polio eradication will be an unparalleled victory, which will not only save all future generations of children from the grip of a disease that is entirely preventable – but will show the world what Africa can do when it unites behind a common goal.”
To stop the potentially dangerous spread of the disease as soon as possible, volunteers will deliver bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) to every house across all cities, towns and villages of the 13 countries. To succeed, this army of volunteers and health workers will work up to 12 hours per day, travelling on foot or bicycle, in often stifling humidity and temperatures in excess of 40°C. Each vaccination team will carry the vaccine in special carrier bags, filled with ice packs to ensure the vaccine remains below the required 8°C.
“This extraordinary coordinated response is precisely what is needed to stop this polio outbreak,” said Michael K McGovern, Chair of Rotary’s International PolioPlus Committee . “Every aspect of civil society in these African countries is coming together, every community, every parent and every community leader, to achieve one common goal: to protect their children from life-long paralysis caused by this deadly disease.”
The full engagement of political and community leaders at every level – right down to the district – is considered critical to the success of the campaign. It is only through the full participation of this leadership that all sectors of civil society are mobilized to ensure every child is reached.
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27 January 2017, Geneva, Switzerland – Ministries of health gathering at this week’s Executive Board of the World Health Organization (WHO) reviewed the latest global poliovirus epidemiology and concluded that the world has never had a better chance to complete the job. Amid discussions on Ebola, Zika and pre-elections for the new WHO Director-General, delegates stressed the urgent need to secure a lasting polio-free world, by fully implementing the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Polio Eradication Endgame Strategic Plan.
Endemic polio is now restricted to a handful of areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria, all of which are implementing regionally-coordinated emergency plans to reach and vaccinate the remaining pockets of under-immunized children.
Despite more children being reached in these traditional ‘reservoir’ areas for the virus, delegates cautioned that risks remained, as underscored by the detection of polio cases in Borno state of Nigeria, the first in two years anywhere in Africa. Countries are now focusing on making sure there are no surveillance gaps at a subnational level so that virus cannot circulate undetected, while working to increase population immunity levels.
Delegates commended the successful global switch from trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) to bivalent OPV in 2016, and emphasized that strong surveillance to detect any type 2 poliovirus from any source is now critical. A global stockpile of monovalent OPV type 2 (mOPV2) remains on hand for potential response as needed. A critical global supply shortage of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) continues to pose a risk, but is being managed by prioritizing available supply to high-risk areas and implementing new measures to stretch available supply, notably use of fractional IPV, as recommended by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization (SAGE).
At the same time, countries expressed appreciation at the ongoing efforts to fully implement global laboratory containment activities. They also encouraged plans to transition the infrastructure of the GPEI for the long-term, to ensure the assets and infrastructure established to eradicate polio will continue to benefit broader public health efforts even after the disease is gone. At the World Health Assembly in May, the GPEI will present a strategic roadmap towards polio transition and the development of a post-certification strategy.
With all technical and programmatic building blocks in place to achieve success, ministries urged all stakeholders to ensure that the necessary financial resources to fully implement the Endgame Plan are rapidly mobilized.
Closing the discussion, partners from civil society addressed the ministries through Rotary International with a clear call to action: “We must protect hard won gains by sustaining immunity levels and careful monitoring of virus transmission. An additional US$1.3 billion is needed through 2019 to reach more than 400 million children in up to 60 countries and to ensure high quality surveillance. The eradication of polio will be a monumental achievement by a global partnership. Such achievements exemplify what we can do when united for a common purpose. Together we can end polio and forever build a better future for all children.”
A mass vaccination campaign to protect more than 4 million children from a measles outbreak in conflict-affected states in north-eastern Nigeria started on 13 January. The polio eradication infrastructure has been on hand to help with this feat of logistics. GPEI partners WHO, UNICEF and US Centres for Disease Control have been working with nongovernmental organizations to support the campaign in a range of areas including data management, training, social mobilization, monitoring and evaluation, supportive supervision and waste management.
“Nigeria’s well-established polio vaccination programme provides a strong underpinning for the campaign,” says Dr Wondimagegnehu Alemu, WHO Representative in Nigeria. “Population data from the polio programme has been essential to guide planning for the measles campaign. We are also able to make use of staff that have vast experience in providing health services in very difficult and risky areas.”
One third of more than 700 health facilities in Borno State, north-eastern Nigeria, have been completely destroyed, according to a report released in December by WHO. Of those facilities remaining, one third are not functioning at all. This is leaving the health of communities vulnerable.
WHO has a strong presence in the community in these areas thanks to a well-established polio programme which includes teams of health workers trained to work in areas of high insecurity and reach communities that no other partner can reach.
With levels of malnutrition as high as 20% in some populations in Borno State, children are particularly vulnerable to diseases like measles, malaria, respiratory infections and diarrhoea.
Planning for the future
This measles campaign in northern Nigeria is by no means the only example of polio funded functions and infrastructure contributing to other critical functions. On average, polio-funded staff spend more than 50% of their time on non-polio activities, such as routine immunization, measles campaigns, maternal and child health initiatives, humanitarian emergencies and disease outbreak, sanitation and hygiene programmes and strengthening health systems. In Nigeria in 2015, the Emergency Operations Centres set up to tackle polio were repurposed instantly in response to the spread of Ebola to the country, which enabled the outbreak to be ended almost as soon as it began.
Polio is closer to eradication than it has ever been; and while we keep all efforts on rooting out the virus in its final hiding places, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is also beginning to plan for the future. The 16 priority countries, including Nigeria, where 95% of the programmes assets are based are planning now so that some polio funded functions and infrastructure can continue to contribute to other critical health and development goals, as polio funding gradually decreases
Read more about the measles vaccination campaign in Nigeria.
Experts from across the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) partnership convened an emergency meeting in Abuja, Nigeria, from 3 – 5 November. Led by senior epidemiologists from the governments of Nigeria and neighbouring countries, the group examined a detailed review of the current impact of the outbreak response, and identified area-specific challenges and prioritized operational plans accordingly.
The detection of new wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) cases in Borno, Nigeria, in August – the first detected on the African continent in more than two years – has prompted an unprecedented response. The outbreak was immediately declared by both the Government of Nigeria and governments of surrounding countries to be national and regional public health emergency. This opened the way for a regional outbreak response, mobilizing emergency resources from across the public and civil society sectors.
Thousands of health workers across the region have been mobilized and trained, and in Borno alone more than 1.7 million children have been vaccinated. But many more continue to be un- or under-immunized, either due to operational deficits in outbreak response implementation, hampered access due to insecurity or large-scale population movements within countries.
Unless these missed children are rapidly reached, the risk remains that the current outbreak could spread further, including internationally, and cause more preventable, incurable paralysis.
Access and reaching populations everywhere
Insecurity, geographical challenges and difficulties with communication in some of the hardest to reach areas are providing barriers to reaching all children. Internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees and nomads are particularly vulnerable groups, with insecurity blocking transit routes and the ability to accurately predict population size ahead of vaccination campaigns reduced. Due to population displacement, detailed micro-plans are frequently disrupted.
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Cross-border coordination, embedding the response within the broader humanitarian emergency context, and innovating rapidly to adapt strategies to local challenges is what has stopped similar outbreaks with similar challenges elsewhere in the world. |
Yet despite these challenges, the GPEI can draw on a vast array of experience from running outbreak responses in similar settings, most recently in the Middle East, Central Africa and the Horn of Africa from 2013-2015. These existing, proven strategies are rapidly adapted to the evolving environment. Permanent vaccination teams are now in place, as and when an area becomes accessible, to rapidly implement ‘mini’ vaccination campaigns in between larger-planned activities. Such teams are also critical to reach populations as they leave inaccessible areas. Children in both formal and informal IDP camps are a particular focus for the delivery of the polio vaccine alongside other humanitarian and basic health needs.
Assuming that many children living in conflict-affected areas will not have been vaccinated for several years, the target age group has been raised to protect children over 5 years of age.
The Volunteer Communication Network of vaccination advocates within communities has been expanded to cover Internally Displaced Populations living in camps and host populations, while Koranic School teachers have been engaged to address non-compliance and the mobilization of women and youth to ensure local protection for vaccination teams.
Coordinating across borders
While cases of polio have only been found in Borno, extensive population movement, insecurity and previous cross border population movements require the outbreak response to cover the entire Lake Chad region. Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), Chad, Nigeria and Niger are working together to track population movements and addressing the challenges inherent in accessing some hard-to-reach areas in each country, including sourcing communication equipment to operate where there is a lack of telecommunication network, closed borders in some places and language barriers. Efforts are being intensified to map out the seasonal movement of nomads, identifying resting places and water points with the support of nomadic community leaders in order to improve micro-planning to inform the response. In Chad, vaccination campaigns are providing livestock vaccines alongside polio vaccines to children in order to increase uptake in nomadic communities.
It is not insecurity alone that leads to hampered access. Sometimes it is simply a more natural phenomenon: the rains! The rainy season in the region typically runs from June to mid-October. Some areas are completely cut off from roads and other transport networks as a result of the associated flooding. With the rainy season now over, many areas and populations will be able to be reached with polio vaccine and other urgent health services.
Stopping outbreaks in such challenges settings is possible
There is no doubt that running an outbreak response with such challenges is far more complex, dangerous, costly and slower than under normal circumstances. However, what is equally clear is that the plans being intensified and implemented across the region are having an impact, and will continue to have an impact. Cross-border coordination, embedding the response within the broader humanitarian emergency context, and innovating rapidly to adapt strategies to local challenges is what has stopped similar outbreaks with similar challenges elsewhere in the world.
The groundwork set by this first phase of the outbreak response has set for reaching previously missed children in late 2016 and throughout 2017.
With continued leadership of political, health and community leaders at the local, national and regional levels alongside the international development community, this outbreak will be stopped and children across Africa protected against polio.
Nigeria & Lake Chad Polio Outbreak Appeal
Nigeria has been experiencing insurgency in the north-eastern part of the country since 2009 which led the Nigerian President to declare the state of emergency in the 3 worst affected states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa states in May 2014.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) aims to deliver polio vaccine alongside broader life-saving health interventions to some of the most marginalized populations globally in order to fulfil the goals of the Endgame plan. As part of the humanitarian response to the current crisis in Nigeria, a holistic approach to tackling polio underpins the current outbreak response efforts.
A deteriorating humanitarian situation
Against a backdrop of long-term crisis, the humanitarian situation in northern Nigeria has worsened substantially in recent weeks. Over seven million people are in urgent need of humanitarian assistance across the country, with limited access to basic health and other essential services, with the main areas impacted by the crisis situated in the north-east. Access to health services has been drastically compromised, with half of the population not having access to any basic health services. As a result on-going public health risks are very high, with low baseline vaccination coverage rates, populations housed in overcrowded and unsanitary camps and severe food insecurity. The crisis also has broader regional implications, with approximately 155 000 refugees in Chad, Cameroon and Niger.
Challenges to polio eradication
This difficult situation was made more complicated by the detection in August in Borno of two new cases of polio – the first cases detected in Africa since 2014. As many as 600,000 children across north eastern Nigeria remain inaccessible to polio vaccinators, presenting a very real obstacle to polio eradication efforts. Concrete strategies are in place to tackle such obstacles, including through close collaboration with key community stakeholders. Similar approaches have been used by the GPEI in other parts of the world beset by complex humanitarian emergencies or insecurity. Most recently in the Middle East, the polio outbreak response was conducted within the broader humanitarian response effort, to ensure that as communities are reached, they are not just reached with polio vaccine but with a host of other lifesaving health interventions.
An effective outbreak response
Following the recent cases of polio in Nigeria, a major vaccination campaign in Nigeria and the surrounding region has been launched in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and UNICEF, with subsequent rounds to follow. Vaccination efforts form part of the broader response to the current humanitarian crisis in Borno and the surrounding states, and across the Lake Chad basin countries. The focus is on coordinating the delivery of basic health services including vaccinations, enhancing surveillance for epidemic-prone diseases, providing life-saving interventions to manage common ailments among children, adult and the elderly, improving maternal and child health services at the community and facility level including mentoring of health workers, conducting ongoing evaluations of the evolving situation, and improving readiness response for any new disease outbreaks. The GPEI is committed to integrating within a broader humanitarian framework in order to secure a polio-free world.
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Following the recent detection of wild poliovirus in Nigeria, Ministers of Health from Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Niger and Nigeria have declared the polio outbreak in Nigeria as a public health emergency for countries of the Lake Chad basin. The declaration, coming out of the 66th session of the World Health Organization Regional Committee for the African Region, demonstrates commitment from governments across the region to bolster momentum in the fight against the virus.
A regional response to a regional risk
The declaration requests that Nigeria and all countries of the Lake Chad Basin, as a matter of the utmost urgency, fully implement coordinated outbreak responses in order to quickly interrupt this outbreak before the end of 2016 and prevent international spread. It calls on all Member States of countries of the Lake Chad Basin to extend all possible support, including political advocacy and engagement at all levels, for successful coordination and implementation of synchronized polio vaccination activities across the countries of the Lake Chad sub-region. The declaration builds on the sustained commitment of member states across the region in the path towards polio eradication, highlighted at the African Union summit in June 2015 where African heads of state gathered to declare polio eradication a “historical legacy for future generations”.
Immediate action, challenging terrain
An immediate response was mounted by the Nigerian government following the outbreak by quickly declaring it as a public health emergency and mobilizing the needed resources, with a large-scale vaccination campaign implemented and further rounds planned across the Lake Chad sub-region.
While challenging terrain lies ahead in beating the poliovirus for good, in Nigeria, and in Africa – not least because of the grave humanitarian situation in many of the countries around Lake Chad – the declaration of a regional emergency provides an important foundation for action, including the mobilization of necessary financial, political and technical support from partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative and governments across the region.
Lake Chad public health emergency declaration
Nigeria declares polio outbreak as a national public health emergency
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Geneva 11 August 2016 – After more than two years without polio in Nigeria, the Government reported today, that two children have been paralyzed by the disease in the northern Borno state.
As an immediate priority, the Government of Nigeria is collaborating with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to respond urgently and prevent more children from being paralyzed. These steps include conducting large-scale immunization campaigns and strengthening surveillance systems that help catch the virus early. These activities are also being strengthened in neighbouring countries. In response to confirmation of these cases, the Government of Nigeria declared this outbreak as a national public health emergency.
Genetic sequencing of the viruses suggests that the new cases are most closely linked to a wild poliovirus strain last detected in Borno in 2011. Low-level transmission of the poliovirus is not unexpected, particularly in areas where it is difficult to reach children with the vaccine. Subnational surveillance gaps persist in some areas of Borno, as well as in areas of neighbouring countries.
“We are confident that with a swift response and strong collaboration with the Nigerian Government, we can soon rid the country of polio once and for all. This is an important reminder that the world cannot afford to be complacent as we are on the brink of polio eradication – we will only be done when the entire world has been certified polio-free,” said Mr Michel Zaffran, Director of polio eradication at WHO Headquarters.
As recently as 2012, Nigeria accounted for more than half of all polio cases worldwide, but the country has made significant strides, recently marking 2 years without a case on 24 July 2016. This progress has been the result of a concerted effort by all levels of government, civil society, religious leaders and tens of thousands of dedicated health workers. Recent steps including increased community involvement and the establishment of Emergency Operations Centers at the national and state level have been pivotal to Nigeria’s capacity to respond to outbreaks.
Full release
GPEI statement
Interview with Michel Zaffran, Director of the GPEI
Nigeria declares polio outbreak as a national public health emergency (18 August 2016)
External Experts Commend the Strong Surveillance Structure for detecting Outbreaks in Nigeria (25 August 2016)
States in the North East intensify preparation for Outbreak Response Campaign (26 August 2016)
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Last week, global political commitment to eradicating polio was affirmed at the World Health Assembly (WHA) in Geneva. During the polio agenda item, member states discussed progress made in the last year and the remaining hurdles that stand in the way of polio eradication.
In her opening address to the WHA, Dr Margaret Chan, Director General of WHO, said polio eradication has never been so close to the finish line. “During the short span of 2 weeks in April, 155 countries successfully switched from trivalent to bivalent oral polio vaccine, marking the largest coordinated vaccine withdrawal in history. I thank you and your country teams for this marvellous feat,” she said.
Member states reviewed the latest global epidemiology, noting the strong progress made across Africa with no case of wild poliovirus in approaching two years. Delegates from Afghanistan and Pakistan, the final remaining polio endemic countries, outlined the steps they are taking to ensure that transmission is interrupted as a matter of urgency. With fewer missed children than ever before and just 74 cases across the two in 2015, achieving eradication has never appeared to be such an achievable target.
Many member states spoke to reaffirm their commitments to fulfilling the objectives of the resolution passed at the last WHA to commit to ending polio once and for all. Michel Zaffran, Director of Polio Eradication at WHO, stated that strong progress had been made against all four objectives of the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan.
Delegates also commended the historic achievement of the switch, warning that shortages of the inactivated polio vaccine and potential outbreaks of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses would be some of the major challenges of the coming year. They also expressed appreciation for the global contingency plans put in place to adequately manage the risks associated with the supply shortage, notably the availability of the stockpile of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, supported the interjections of several member states highlighting the importance of ramping up transition planning in countries to prepare for the end of the polio infrastructure after eradication. “To be sustainable, the decision on which polio assets to sustain must be fully led and driven by countries themselves, based on national ownership, national plans and investments,” said the Gavi spokesperson.
Rotary international spoke to affirm that their 1.2 million volunteers worldwide remain fully committed to polio eradication. “We have three key challenges remaining,” said the Rotarian speaker. “First, we have to interrupt polio in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Second, we must avoid complacency. An additional US $1.5 billion is needed through 2019 to sustain high levels of immunity, repeatedly reaching more than 400,000,000 children in up to 60 countries and carrying out high quality surveillance to protect progress. Finally we must fully leverage the physical and intellectual assets of polio eradication so that they can benefit broader public health priorities.”
